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⑵ 英文方面的電子數據交換

E-commerce Origin 1

In the 1960s, electronic data interchange (EDI) E-commerce form the first railway in the United States, retail, grocery and locomotive manufacturing instries rising to its original mutual exchange and enhance their internal use enterprise data quality. In the 1970s, financial institutions through an exclusive network security in the electronic transfer of funds to expand operations in the telecommunications technology business applications. For the fiscal northern region enterprise information (especially payment and remittance transfers information) exchange in computer development. EDI standard format used electronic documents instead of ordinary paper business documents, such as invoices. Loaded list. Purchase orders. Single-ordered changes, quotations and six enterprises receive information document, and this document of the six enterprises formal business affairs of the United States 85%.

In the corresponding instries under the auspices of the Association, the main instry participants has been promoting the realization of EDI. But generally speaking, the use of EDI has not reached the desired level of the universal, especially in SMEs. As the realization of EDI applications and services the needs of high-cost and value-added net cost of sustained growth: because of the complexity of EDI technology to the needs of IT (information technology) professional and technical personnel than the number of small businesses existing number of technical personnel, EDI promotional rate slowed.

In addition. If an enterprise in order to give full play EDI effect, all departments need to function and the integrated information system. If ordering, inventory and accounting (departments), which frequently manifests itself through the use of EDI business challenges. Finally, the EDI between businesses, and consumers and enterprises can not be dealt with the relationship between.

(Nevertheless enterprises) has been the need for traditional EDI. Large companies on EDI infrastructure invest a lot of money get good return. Thus continued to make significant investments. But the users of telecommunications technology has been mainly based on the value-added network from the Internet-based methods into service. The user interface is more like Web browsers. That is why the current needs of IT programs to time and communication technologies to support EDI and e-commerce, enterprise systems integration reasons. Internet-based EDI has been greatly reced and operating costs. Thereby creating more potential trading partner EDI combined with the ability of the Internet, in an increasingly broad range of trading partners to increase the attractiveness of EDI.

2 The definition of e-commerce

Today, the broad and comprehensive definition of popular e-commerce:

. E-commerce is specifically expressed in the value of a wide range of transactions, including through electronic networks of information, procts, services or transfer payments. (Information Technology Association of Canada, in 1997, 1 l)

. E-commerce generally refers to all the organizations and indivials engaged in various activities related to commercial, based on the digital data processing and transmission technology transactions, and these data can be digitized text, sound and visual images. (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development .1997)

. E-commerce is to conct electronic business activities. It is based on including text, voice and video and other electronic data processing and transmission. It contains many of its activities, such as the goods and services of e-commerce, online transmission of digital procts, electronic remittance, electronic stock trading, freight electronic payment, business auctions, as in the design and engineering, on-line data collection, public procurement, direct consumer marketing and after-sales service. It involves procts (such as consumer procts, specialized medical equipment), including services (such as information services, financial reserves and legal services); It covers both traditional fixed (such as health, ecation) involve new activities (such as Virtual Shopping Center) (European Commission 1997)

. E-commerce is the description of the various groups, commonly known as e-commerce, which uses a group of technology companies and consumers or other communication. Or to conct investigations and information gathering. Or conct commercial transactions, although this group of the Internet is the most important technology, but also include other technologies, such as intranets, electronic data interchange and smart cards (Canada KPMG, 1997)

Business, a broad definition includes information and communication technology in the enterprise and between enterprises growing applications, including e-mail, text and workflow. EDI in the procurement and logistics management applications, demand-driven manufacturing and retail, virtual enterprise and components.

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, has proposed a definition of the five-Commerce Law: the most extensive, including electronic funds transfer and credit card transactions, including support for a wide range of the second e-commerce infrastructure (service and access providers, equipment manufacturers, etc.), the third contains a wide range of electronic enterprises transactions: Business and consumers have not trading for the second tier: the narrowest level that the enterprise and consumer electronic payment. The scope of e-business will be improved with technology and greatly changes, such as the micro-payment security technology would enable more consumers involved in e-commerce possible.

In 1997, Whinston.Stahl and Choi continued growth in the market around three elements (agents, procts and processes) to a virtual abstract definition of e-commerce. Agents, proct or process can be practical, and can also be virtual, and their eight combinations can be used to identify the scope of traditional commercial areas, as well as "all business services and processes are transformed into digital networks through the exchange of digital proct's potential" core area

The broad definition of the advantages of e-commerce is that it could be emerging, as well as the future of information and communication technologies into its structural framework. For example, computer technology, telecommunications technology and multimedia technology based on the cross - is leading to a packet network technology of interactive multimedia proction of this technology, including fast and inexpensive computer, the general "scarce customers," but highly intelligent applications, offices and homes have broadband networking, sustained interoperability and open standards and constantly improve the multimedia user interface. The technology for all sectors is of great significance. What is the scope of services in the field of information and trading instries more special importance.

In short, the economic value of e-commerce is expected in the next few years will grow rapidly. His own will provide a new form of businesses, procts, services and means of motivation. But the importance of e-commerce is that it can be achieved not only in the number of electronic transactions, and also because it will drive economic restructuring.

Most e-commerce instry will lead to the virtual value chain, which will change the layout of economic activity, improving economic prospects.

3 basis of the current e-commerce technology

When e-commerce training for the management staff, an important question that managers in the success of e-commerce environment BU needed technical capacity level. We do not mean basic computer capability, but rather refers to one or more e-commerce core technology proficiency. Those who do not have the technical background for the business professional students, e-commerce technology is a black box. The assumption that information and communications technologies to the rapidly changing and new technology can facilitate commercial activities of the redefinition of the extent of each enterprise will need to really track some of the core technology development methods. Managers of awareness activities with the heavy demand to help enterprises understand technological trends related to the services.

1996. Kalakota and Whinston published "the forefront of e-commerce." This is an e-business managers understand the technology must be based on the manual. Although it includes a number of enterprise model, economics, cultural or social factors materials. It is mainly for business professionals, students, investors, corporate executives, developers, managers and other e-commerce all want to understand how to adapt to the professional person enterprise applications, describes the power of business technology landscape. This is the best description of existing e-commerce technology reference books. Kalakota and Whinston described in the field of e-commerce technologies are shown in Table 1. More generally said, Kalakota and Whinston identified through the network of eight commercial practice. Included in today's e-commerce activities: demand-driven manufacturing, and based on the group's virtual enterprises, logistics, desktop video conferencing, document and workflow system, e-mail, electronic data interchange and data exchange technology

Table 1 e-commerce technology

E-commerce framework

The business, the network infrastructure

The Internet as a network infrastructure

Internet business transactions

Network security and firewall

E-commerce and the global network

Consumer-oriented e-commerce

E-commerce Payment System

Business Enterprises with EDI

EDI Implementation, the versatility of the Internet Mail Extensions agreement with value-added network

Internal e-commerce enterprises

Joint Digital Library

Internet Advertising and Marketing

Consumers search and explore resources

Spot ecation and digital rights

Software Agents

Internet Protocol Group

Multimedia and digital video

Broadband Telecom

Mobile and wireless computer technology foundation

The structure of the text block

Effective / composite text system

Investigative techniques in Canada, the popularity of the service sector when. Statistics Canada used the text of the OECD over the previous restrictive definition on electronic commerce more stringent definition. Statistics Canada presented office equipment technology, communications technology, applied technology, business process and a set of specific distinction between e-commerce technology, as shown in table 2

Table 2 1996 Canada popularize the technology services instry

Technical types
Specific technology
Canada + service companies use the information collected is justified and

Office equipment technology
Personal computers
67% +6%

Desktop publishing
23% +10%

External database
15% +14%

Video Conference
3% +9%

Telecommunications technology
Wireless communications
57% +5%

E-mail
28% +19%

Internet
19% +22%

E-mail to fax
14% +21%

Value-added network
5% + 11%

Application Technology
A computerized financial system
60% +10%

Computerized inventory control
28% +16%

Sales terminal / debit card.
35% +6%

Computerized orders Login
27% +11%

Electronic funds transfer
2% +11%

EDI
14% +12%

Multimedia / computer-based training
7% +12%

Computer-aided software engineering
6% +5%

Business processes
Total Quality Management
13% +10%

Enterprises reconstruction process
8% +10%

ISO 900
+9% 2%

Reflect the rapid proction
6% +3%

JIT
5% +3%

E-commerce technology
Bar code, imaging, optical character recognition, electronic data exchange, electronic data interchange to fax, e-forms, e-mail, electronic payment, CD-ROM electronic information services, optical cards. CDs, smart cards
41% (at least the use of a)

Table 2 shows the e-business / office technology at different speeds how universal. Besides such as a standard telephone and fax technology is too widespread, not mentioned, the most popular technology is multi-purpose, low-cost information and communications technology platforms such as personal computers and wireless communication technologies (67% and 57% of the companies are using). Once the application of the equipment company will introce communications and information processing applications. The relatively simple application of automatic management capabilities are becoming commonplace. The computerized financial systems, inventory control, sophisticated technology and sales orders logged in the company's utilization rate has reached or surpassed 50%. One third to one half of the enterprises are prepared to use the Internet and use of the communications media such as e-mail, Internet and corporate intranets. However, the use of formal business process improvement technology and methods, e to the need for organizational change and not just software or hardware installation and the realization, the penetration rate in the service sector low.

E-commerce is not just part of the sum. E-commerce to engage in e-business activities. That is, transactions, customers and suppliers and maintaining the relationship between. Internal networking and enterprise integration is not simply to efficiency. But purposes. When a company from this or that specific technical change to the application of the isolation of cross-functional coordination, integration, management magnification enterprises (including with customers, suppliers and risk commitment to the relationship) and the face of rapidly changing market and technology decision-making, management, the difficulty of increasing exponentially.