高吸水性樹脂論文

㈠ 高吸水性樹脂的發展歷史

1950年微架橋聚合丙烯酸(增粘劑)的工業化（Goodrich 公司；USA）
1960年親水性高分子上市，架橋聚氧化乙烯（土壤保水劑），架橋聚乙烯醇（人工水晶體）
增粘劑
1974美國農業部發表了吸水性樹脂的研究成果.
1978年世界上最早的吸水性樹脂的商業化生產開始 (三洋化成)
吸水性樹脂
1982年用於紙尿褲的需求增大。高分子凝膠的相轉移理論的發表（田中豊一）
90年代高分子學會開始成立「高分子凝膠研究會」（對於機能性凝膠的研究發表日趨活躍）
機能性凝膠
它能夠吸收自身重量幾百倍至千倍的水分，無毒、無害、無污染；吸水能力特強，保水能力特高，通過丙烯酸聚合得到的高分子量聚合物→高保水量，高負荷下吸收量的平衡，所吸水分不能被簡單的物理方法擠出，並且可反復釋水、吸水。應用於農林業方面，可在植物根部形成「微型水庫」。高吸水性樹脂除了吸水，還能吸收肥料、農葯，並緩慢的釋放出來以增加肥效和葯效。高吸水性樹脂以其優越的性能，廣泛用於農林業生產、城市園林綠化、抗旱保水、防沙治沙，並發揮巨大的作用。此外，高吸水性樹脂還可應用於醫療衛生、石油開采、建築材料、交通運輸等許多領域。
現有的高吸水性樹脂的廠家有：三大雅精細化學品有限公司、日本觸媒、得米化工、住友精化、巴斯夫、台塑這幾大公司佔了全球產量的99%，其中三大雅佔55%。

㈡ 高吸水性樹脂為什麼能大量吸水並保水

高吸來水性樹脂為什麼能大量吸水並自保水
相似相溶原理.簡單來說,親水基團是極性的,會溶於極性溶劑水；親油基團是非極性的,溶於非極性的油.
水分子間有較強的氫鍵,水分子既可以為生成氫鍵提供氫原子,又因其中氧原子上有孤對電子能接受其它分子提供的氫原子,氫鍵是水分子間的主要結合力.所以,凡能為生成氫鍵提供氫或接受氫的溶質分子,均和水「結構相似」.如ROH(醇)、RCOOH(羧酸)、R2C=O(酮)、RCONH2(醯胺)等.當然上述物質中R基團的結構與大小對在水中溶解度也有影響.如醇：R—OH,隨R基團的增大,分子中非極性的部分增大,這樣與水(極性分子)結構差異增大,所以在水中的溶解度也逐漸下降.
親油往往是長鏈的有機基團.疏水效應起源於熱容變化和熵,疏水分子表面使水變得更「像冰」,因為空穴的形成迫使水的接觸.所以疏水分子簇集造成表面積減小,釋放出了一些水分子,帶來了有利的熵,降低了體系能量.熱容變化也是一個有利因素.還有一點,水和水有強烈的作用,有機物破壞了這一作用,就迫使水更強烈的和水作用,有機物更強烈的和有機物作用.

㈢ 高吸水性樹脂的應用前景和發展趨勢

前景很不錯的

㈣ 求一篇關於高吸水性樹脂的英文文獻

關鍵詞是抄：
Super
absorbent
resin
of
starch
grafted
acrylic
acid
在Google
Scholar查文獻就可以襲找到，很多是要注冊交錢的。
有一篇是可以直接下載的，但由於文件大小限制無法上傳到這里，你自己看是否是你想要的：
http://www.thaiscience.info/Article%20for%20ThaiScience/Article/2/Ts-2%20graft%20copolymerization,%20characterization,%20and%20degradation%20of%20cassava%20starch-g-acrylamide-itaconic%20acid%20superabsorbents.pdf

㈤ 什麼是高吸水性樹脂

世界上吸水本領最大的要數海綿。但現在人們已合成出一種吸水性勝過海綿的版高分子材權料，稱為高吸水性樹脂，其吸水量可達自身重量的500—3000倍。

這是一種神奇的白色粉末，每顆高分子樹脂微粒，就像一個小小的蓄水池。把它們撒到乾旱少雨的沙漠地，能在夜間汲取從地下滲上來的水分。如果預先拌好肥料和水，就能在沙漠地區栽培農作物。用它做尿布，吸水好，又衛生。用來做衛生棉、清潔餐巾，更受人們歡迎。這種高吸水性樹脂沒有毒性，它和葯物、化妝品混在一起，葯物會緩慢地釋放出來，延長葯效。用它做成水果的包裝袋，新鮮水果就能長久保鮮。

高吸水性樹脂的吸水本領，在於聚合物中有許多能吸引住水的「基團」，它像一雙雙能拉住水分子的「手」一樣。當整個大分子上的「手」拉住了許許多多的水分子後，一顆白色的粉末，變成了一個「吃飽」水的小水球。

這種神奇的粉末，有的是用澱粉、纖維素天然高分子為骨架，通過接枝共聚的方法製造的；有的是用化學合成方法製造的；還有的是用腈綸廢絲綜合利用得到的。

㈥ 那裡有關於高吸水性樹脂的英文文獻~~~謝謝

Superabsorbent polymer (SAP) of poly(sodium acrylate) was prepared by reverse phase suspension polymerization.The influences of suspension agent and agitation speed on reverse phase suspension polymerization system and the influences of the degree of neutralization of acrylic acid,inhibitor and crosslinker on the absorption capacity of the polymer were studied.A stable reverse phase suspension polymerization system with spherical particles was achieved by using polyglycerol monostearates as suspension agent at the agitation speed of 300~450 r/min.When polyethylene glycol diglycidic ester(400) was used as crosslinker,the mass fraction of dissoluble polymers in the SAP was less than 4wt%,and when the degree of acrylic neutralization was 80%,the deionizing water absorption and normal saline absorption were the maximum,being of 683 g/g and 68 g/g respectivly.The p-hydroxyanisole inhibitor in acrylic acid had no influence on the property of SAP.

Super Absorbent Polymers (SAP) are very unique water-absorbing and water-holding materials. They can absorb up to 1000 times of their own weight of pure water and even under pressure resist release of the absorbed water.

They are solid, granular or powder cross linked polymers that rapidly absorb and retain large volumes of aqueous solutions. The absorptive properties of SAP are ideally suited for the absorption and solidification of various types of liquids like water, sludge, blood etc.

History of SAP
Superabsorbent polymers were first introced by Union Carbide in the mid 60's. They were first developed in the 70's to grow plants in the desert. However, they were used very little by commercial growers e to their relatively high cost in comparison to their swell capacity. In the early 80's, superabsorbents began to be widely developed for the baby diaper market (hundred of millions of pounds). This led to newer, higher swell polymers, some with long lasting life that were suitable for agriculture and water treatment management. Nowadays SAP has lots of applications in different instries form baby diaper to fire fighter and craft instries.

Science Behind SAP
The driving forces behind a superabsorbent polymer's water absorbency are osmotic pressure and hydrogen bonding. The difference in the sodium ion concentration between the inside of the polymer and the solution in which it is immersed causes the water to flow in rapidly, trying to balance the number of ions inside and outside the polymer. Also, the polymer chains are lined with carboxyl groups (-COOH) with about 50 to 70% of these in the sodium salt form. In contact with water, the carboxyl groups dissociate into negatively charged carboxylate ions (-COO-). These form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

Figure 1

In addition, these carboxylate sites repel each other, which widens the polymer network, thus allowing more water to be absorbed. However, the crosslinked polymer molecules can only stretch so far. Therefore, the amount of water absorbed is in part determined by the balance between widening of the polymer network as hydrogen bonds form and "elastic pressure" of the crosslinked molecules.

The electrolyte concentration in the water being absorbed greatly affects the amount of fluid that can be absorbed by the polymer. The ions of the electrolyte act as "contaminator" ions and become positioned along the polymer chain at the carboxylate sites. The electrolyte ions partially neutralize these sites and limit the potential sites for hydrogen bond formation between the polymer and water molecules. In addition, there will be less repulsion between the crosslinked chains of the polymer, thus enabling less water to be absorbed. Also, the presence of these ions decreases the unbalance which "drives" osmotic pressure.
A typical superabsorbent polymer may absorb about 400 times its own mass of distilled water while absorbing almost 300 times its mass of tap water. The same polymer may absorb only 30 to 40 times its mass of 1% sodium chloride solution.

Types of SAP
There are two general types of SAP, the acrylate and acrylamide .The cross linked acrylate SAP is a non toxic polymer which can be proced in sodium or potassium acrylate bases .The cross linked acrylamide SAP is a synthetic potassium-based, neurotoxin, long-chain polymer designed to attract either positively charged particles (organic materials, such as carbon or human waste) or negatively charged particles (inert materials, such as sand or clay).

Polyacrylamide was developed in the 60』 to grow plants in the desert and has been refined to last longer and absorb water at higher rates. Many people believe polyacrylamide is the active material in baby diapers, but that polymer is polyacrylate, which is a close cousin in the polymer family. Polyacrylate is capable of absorbing greater amounts of liquid than polyacrylamide, but rapidly breaks down.