采矿废水
Ⅰ 人类有哪些破坏大自然的行为
1、工业废气排放污染大气环境,导致酸雨和温室效应。
2、伐木、破坏植专被,破坏生物栖息属环境,不利于温室气体的吸收。
3、任意捕杀野生动物,破坏生物多样性。
4、城市的光污染,破坏生物生态环境,如候鸟迷失方向。
5、化肥农药的使用,污染土地资源和水资源。
6、能源开采方式不当,破坏地标植被,污染周边环境。
7、过度捕捞鱼类,向海洋排放废弃物,破坏海洋生态环境。
Ⅱ 2000m3/d硫酸盐废水一般是什么废水是工业废水还是采矿废水
这样的应该是采矿废水了吧
如果是工业废水,主产品的产能至少是十几万甚至几十万吨/年了吧
Ⅲ 求 采矿方面的 英文文献及其中文翻译一篇
Coal mine waste water treatment and reuse technology Comparative Study
Digest:Introced the sewage and wastewater processing resources of the latest technologies and processes, analysis and comparison of the three kinds of process options to deal with coal mine waste water system investment and operating costs, and to explore the reverse osmosis water treatment technology in the coal mine waste water treatment application The technical and economic feasibility.Coal mine waste water treatment and reuse of the consolidated operating costs for the :2.185-2 .465 yuan / ton. One membrane of the processing costs as low as: 2.185 yuan / ton. Such prices on drought and water shortage in the Northwest region is very attractive. Of mine waste water recycling, not only can rece the amount of wastewater discharge, but also can make water resource, it should be said, it is a method of water resources in the hope of regeneration, but also our country to achieve sustainable use of water resources in an effective way to .
Key words: reverse osmosis electroplating wastewater recycling。
China's large population and uneven spatial and temporal distribution of freshwater resources, water resources and socio-economic development is not balanced; population growth has increased year after year the demand of water resources, instry's rapid development has become increasingly serious water pollution, thus creating a shortfall of water resources and water pollution are increasing.At present, China's prominent contradiction between water supply and demand, there are more than 300 cities short of water, of which there are 114 cities in serious water shortages. Water supply and demand in China in the 21st century the situation was very serious water crisis will become a question of resources in the most severe punishment of all issues. To resolve this problem, in addition to the scientific management of water resources and optimizing the assigned amount, the high-tech means to bring into full play the role of the use of water resources is also very crucial.
In recent years, China's annual volume of about 400-500 million sewage M3, treated emissions from only 15-25%, e to cross-flow of sewage everywhere, so that all our major sources of water proce different degrees of pollution, a serious deterioration of water environment 【】 .Therefore, to enhance wastewater treatment, so that not only the discharge standards but also to a large number of reuse, very necessary, which improve the water environment to ease the shortage of water resources, saving precious water resources are very important. Urban and instrial sewage has been the depth of treatment can be used for agricultural irrigation, instrial proction, urban landscape, Urban Green, life miscellaneous, groundwater recharge, and additional surface water in such applications as 【8】.Traditional water treatment technology can eliminate some air pollutants, the COD, BOD and heavy financial and other indicators of reced pollutant emission standards, or miscellaneous safety standards, but can not completely eliminate the drainage contained in the solubility of trace contaminants. Reverse osmosis membrane technology to thoroughly remove these pollutants to achieve the strict sense of the wastewater reclamation. Traditional treatment processes and membrane technology integration can be sewage or waste water into a different water quality standards for reuse water, or make it loop back to use, this would ease the contradiction between supply and demand, but also rece pollution, but also promote the development of environmental protection instry 【6】.
Sewage Wastewater Reuse Technology and Application Overview
The serious deterioration of water environment quality and the rapid economic development, and urgently requires a corresponding resource of sewage waste water technology. In this field of membrane separation technology occupies an important position and role. Membrane separation, as a high-tech in the last 40 years to develop quickly into the instrialization of the process of energy-efficient separation technology.Than 40 years, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, pervaporation, membrane contact and membrane reactions have been developed in energy, electronics, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, light instry, food and beverage instry and the daily life and environmental protection Dengjun wide range of applications received, resulting in significant economic and social benefits. The needs of the community to make membrane technology promised born, but also the needs of society to promote the rapid development of membrane technology to membrane technology innovation, technological progress, improve, and become a unit operation, to become integrated in the process of the key 【9】.
1.Continuous membrane filtration technology
Hollow fiber membrane e to large surface area membrane moles of the loading density, so compact equipment; this film made by spinning, simple process, so proction costs are generally lower than the other films: In the absence of support layer may reverse cleaning, exceptional stain resistance of some good cleaning agent on the oxidative tolerance to the emergence of a good film made in large-scale sewage treatment works, the application of hollow fiber membrane has a unique advantage 【7】.
CMF technology is the core of the high anti-pollution film, as well as compatible with membrane cleaning technology, which enables non-stop cleaning membrane cleaning, and thus to achieve a continuous treatment of liquid non-stop to ensure a continuous and efficient operation of equipment.
CMF is currently mainly used in large-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant raw water the depth of the secondary settling tank treatment and reuse, desalination, or large-scale reverse osmosis pretreatment system. Surface water ground water purification, beverages, etc. to clarify the turbidity.
2.Membrane bio-reactor
Membrane bio-reactor is membrane separation technology and bio-technology combined with new technology. Used in the field of sewage waste water treatment using membrane pieces for solid-liquid separation, sludge or impurities interception return to the bio-reactor, handling the drainage of water through the membrane to form a sewage treatment membrane bioreactor system, The role of membrane moles is equivalent to conventional biological wastewater treatment systems in the secondary sedimentation tank 【4】.
MBR used in the film are flat membrane, tubular membrane and hollow fiber membrane, is currently mainly based hollow fiber membrane.
The MBR wastewater treatment, raw water sources have reached a very high water guidelines. This method is not limited to domestic wastewater treatment, MBR technology is also widely used in dyeing wastewater, scouring wastewater, meat processing, sewage water treatment systems. Another feature of MBR systems vary in size, the small device can be used for a family, large-scale installations daily processing capacity of up to tens of thousands of cubic meters.
3.Reverse Osmosis Technology
Reverse osmosis technology is the early 20th century, 60 developed a pressure-driven membrane separation technology. The technology is from seawater, brackish water desalination and developed, often referred to as "desalination technology." As the reverse osmosis technology has no phase change, component-based, process simple and convenient operation, accounting for small size, less investment, low energy consumption advantages to develop very rapidly. RO technology has been widely used in sea water, brackish water desalination, pure water, ultra-pure water preparation, chemical separation, concentration, purification, waste water resource and other fields. Projects throughout the electric power, electronics, chemicals, light instry, coal, environmental protection, medicine, food and other instries.
Water resource is incremental development of freshwater resources and the protection of the environment a al purpose. Inorganic series of wastewater treatment and seawater desalination of brackish water using the same equipment and have the more common process technology. RO can waste in copper, lead, mercury, nickel, antimony, beryllium, arsenic, chromium, selenium, ammonium, zinc ion removal addition to 90-99%.
At present, the reverse osmosis technology in urban wastewater treatment, a number of instrial waste water treatment application of the depth has been a high degree of attention, including water reuse, wastewater treatment plant secondary effluent from the depth of treatment, after primary treatment of instrial waste water depth of processing system to take high-quality fresh water. Many water-scarce countries in the Middle East, in the extensive use of reverse osmosis desalination technology, the introction of reverse osmosis technology technical processing secondary effluent, effluent quality up to TDS ≤ 80mg / L, the expansion of freshwater resources. Such as the Middle East, Australia, Singapore and other countries are examples of major projects in this area 【9】.
4.Integrated membrane process wastewater treatment methods
Integrated membrane process is ultrafiltration / microfiltration and reverse osmosis used in combination to form to meet the purpose of咱reuse wastewater treatment process.Ultrafiltration, microfiltration can be used as stand-alone high-level tertiary treatment method, is also an ideal pre-treatment process of reverse osmosis technology, anti-pollution ability, superior performance of ultrafiltration, microfiltration unit to replace the complex conventional treatment, and the water quality much higher than the three water indicators, not only can remove the sewage bacteria and suspended solids, the COD, BOD also have some effect but addition.In ultrafiltration, microfiltration after the use of reverse osmosis membranes, its traditional pre-wash cycle from 3-4 weeks to process more than six months, the membrane can prolong life for years to reach -6. Membrane integrated wastewater reclamation process has the system is stable, maintaining a small area of small, less use of chemicals, processes and operation of a simple and low cost.
Conclusion
Membrane Wastewater Treatment and Reuse of coal mine is technically entirely reliable, which has a successful experience.
With the rapid development of instry, water pollution, worsening water scarcity will become increasingly serious, instrial wastewater recycling will be referred to the agenda.
From the environmental perspective, recycling of waste water re-use of mine has a very important environmental significance.
Of mine waste water recycling, not only can rece the amount of wastewater discharge, but also can make water resource, it should be said, it is a method of water resources in the hope of regeneration, but also our country to achieve sustainable use of water resources in an effective way to .
Of membrane processes for coal mine wastewater and reuse, both technically and economically feasible, economic and environmental benefits are very significant.
References
Gang Shao. Membrane water treatment technology and engineering examples 【M】. Beijing: Chemical Instry Press, 2002.256 ~ 280.
Healy I, Binchois music. The water and use the net again. Beijing: China Building a Board Association, 1985.
【3】 Bella G. Liputaike. Environmental engineer with the book. Beijing: China Building Instry Society out of plates, 1987.
【4】 High from Kai. Membrane separation technology and water reuse 【m】 .2003 Beijing Water Forum papers .2003.9.
【5】 Feng Zhang, Xu Ping. Reverse osmosis, nanofiltration membrane and its application in wastewater treatment 【M】. Membrane Science and Technology ,2003,23:234-236.
【6】 Mayao Guang, Ma Bolin. Wastewater utilization of agricultural resources. Beijing: Chemical Instry Press, 2002.45 ~ 78.
【7】 Yao Zhichun. Wastewater treatment and reuse. Gansu Water Conservancy and Hydropower 1999.: 56 ~ 60.
【8】 LEI Le-cheng, etc., sewage back with new technology and engineering design. Beijing: Chemical Engineering Press, .2002:453 ~ 461.
【9】 Zhang Bao cases. Reverse osmosis water treatment application technology 【M】. Beijing: China Electric Power Press, 2004.281 ~ 295.
煤矿矿井废水处理回用工艺比较研究
摘要:介绍了污水、废水处理资源化的最新技术和工艺,分析比较了三种工艺方案处理煤矿矿井废水的系统投资和运行成本,并探讨了反渗透水处理技术在煤矿矿井废水处理中应用的技术经济可行性.煤矿矿井废水处理回用的综合运行费用为:2.185-2.465元/吨。其中膜法的处理费用最低为:2.185元/吨。这样的价格对干旱缺水的西北地区是很有吸引力的。对矿井废水进行回收再利用,不但可以减少废水排放量,又可以使废水资源化,应该说,它是一种水资源再生的希望方法,也是我国实现水资源可持续利用的有效途径之一。
关键词:反渗透电镀废水处理回收利用
我国人口众多,淡水资源时空分布不均匀,水资源和社会经济发展不均衡;人口的不断增长又使水资源需求量逐年上升,工业的快速发展使水污染愈加严重,因此造成水资源缺短和水环境污染现象日趋严重。目前,我国水资源供需矛盾比较突出,全国有300多个城市缺水,其中有114个城市严重缺水。21世纪我国水资源供需形势非常严重,水资源危机将成为所有资源问题中最为严惩的问题。要解决这一难题,除水资源的科学治理和优化配量之外,充分发挥高新科技手段在水资源利用中的作用也是十分关键的。
近年来,我国每年排污水量约400-500亿M3,经处理后排放的仅15-25%,由于污水到处横流,使我国各大水源都产生不同程度的污染,水环境严重恶化【4】。所以,加强污水深度治理,使之不仅达标排放而且还可大量回用,非常必要,这对改善水环境、缓解水资源的不足,节约宝贵的水资源都是十分重要的。城市及工业污水经过深度处理后可用于农业浇灌、工业生产、城市景观、市政绿化、生活杂用、地下水回灌和补充地表水等方面的应用【8】。传统水处理技术能够消除部分污染物,将COD、BOD以及重金融等污染物指标降到安全排放标准或杂用标准,但无法完全消除排水中所含的微量溶解性污染物。采用反渗透膜技术可彻底去除这些污染物,实现严格意义下的污水再生。用传统处理工艺和膜技术集成,可将污水或废水变成不同水质标准的回用水,或使之循环回用,这样即缓解了供求矛盾,又减少了污染,还可促进环保产业的发展【6】。
污水废水资源化技术及应用简介
水环境质量的严重恶化和经济的高速发展,迫切要求有相应的污水废水资源化的技术。在这一领域中膜分离技术占有重要的位置和作用。膜分离作为一项高新技术在近40年来迅速发展成为产业化的高效节能分离技术过程。40多年,电渗析、反渗透、微滤、超滤、纳滤、渗透汽化,膜接触和膜反应过程相继发展起来,在能源、电子、石化、医药卫生、化工、轻工、食品、饮料行业和日常生活及环保领域等均获得广泛的应用,产生了显著的经济和社会效益。社会的需求使膜技术应允而生,也是社会的需求促使膜技术迅速发展,使膜技术不断创新、技术进步,完善,成为单元操作,成为集成过程中的关键【9】。
1.连续膜过滤技术
中空纤维膜由于比表面积大,膜组件的装填密度大,所以设备紧凑;这种膜因纺制而成,工艺简单,所以生产成本一般低于其它的膜:由于没有支撑层均可以反向清洗,非凡是一些耐污染性好,对氧化性清洗剂耐受性好的膜的出现,使得在大规模的污水处理工程中,中空纤维膜的应用有独特的优势【7】。
CMF技术的核心是高抗污染膜以及与之相配合的膜清洗技术,可以实现对膜的不停机清洗清洗,从而做到对料液不间断连续处理,保证设备的连续高效运行。
CMF目前主要用于大型城市污水处理厂二沉池生水的深度处理回用,海水淡化或大型反渗透系统的预处理。地表水地下水净化、饮料澄清除浊等。
2.膜生物反应器
膜生物反应器是膜分离技术和生物技术结合的新工艺。用在污水废水处理领域,利用膜件进行固液分离,截留的污泥或杂质回流至在生物反应器中,处理的清水透过膜排水,构成了污水处理的膜生物反应器系统,膜组件的作用相当于传统污水生物处理系统中的二沉池【4】。
MBR中使用的膜有平板膜、管式膜和中空纤维膜,目前主要以中空纤维膜为主。
生活污水经MBR处理后,生水水源已达到很高的水标准。此方法不仅限于处理生活污水,MBR技术也广泛地用于染色废水,洗毛废水、肉类加工污水等水处理系统。MBR系统的另一个特点是规模可大可小,小装置可用于一个家庭,大型装置日处理量可达数万立方米。
3.反渗透技术
反渗透技术是20世纪60年代初发展起来的以压力为驱动力的膜分离技术。该技术是从海水、苦咸水淡化而发展起来的,通常称为“淡化技术”。由于反渗透技术具有无相变,组件化、流程简单,操作方便,占面积小、投资少,耗能低等优点,发展十分迅速。RO技术已广泛用于海水、苦咸水淡化,纯水、超纯水制备,化工分离、浓缩、提纯,废水资源化等领域。工程遍布电力、电子、化工、轻工、煤炭、环保、医药、食品等行业。
废水资源化是有开发增量淡水资源与保护环境双重目的。无机系列废水处理与海水苦咸水淡化采用同类装并具有较多共性工艺技术。RO可使废液中的铜、铅、汞、镍、锑、铍、砷、铬、硒、铵、锌等离子脱除除90-99%。
目前,反渗透技术在城市污水深度处理,一些工业废水深度处理方面的应用受到了高度重视,包括中水回用,污水处理厂二级出水的深度处理,经初级处理后的工业废水深度处理制取优质淡水。中东不少缺水国家,在大量采用反渗透海水淡化技术的同时,引入反渗透技技术处理二级污水,出水水质可达TDS≤80mg/L,扩大了淡水资源。如中东地区、澳大利亚、新加坡等国都有这方面的大型工程实例【9】。
4.集成膜过程污水深度处理方法
集成膜过程是将超滤/微滤与反渗透结合使用,形成能够满足各咱回用目的的污水深度处理工艺。超滤、微滤可以作为独立的高级三级处理方法,也是反渗透过程理想的预处理工艺,抗污染能力强、性能优越的超滤、微滤单元代替了复杂的传统处理工艺,而且出水品质远高于三级出水指标,不但完全可以去除污水中的细菌和悬浮物,对COD、BOD也有一定的却除效果。在超滤、微滤之后使用的反渗透膜,其清洗周期由采用传统预处理工艺的3-4周增加到半年以上,膜寿命可延长到达-6年。膜集成污水再生工艺具有系统稳定、维护少、占地小、化学品用量少、流程简单和运行费用低等优点。
结论
煤矿矿井废水处理回用的综合运行费用为:2.185-2.465元/吨。其中膜法的处理费用最低为:2.185元/吨。这样的价格对干旱缺水的西北地区是很有吸引力的。
用膜法处理煤矿矿井废水并回用在技术上是完全可靠的,国内外都有成功经验。
随着工业的快速发展,水资源的污染日益严重,缺水现象会越来越严重,工业废水的回收利用将会提到议事日程。
从环境保护方面讲,对矿井废水进行回收再利用具有非常重要的环境意义。
对矿井废水进行回收再利用,不但可以减少废水排放量,又可以使废水资源化,应该说,它是一种水资源再生的希望方法,也是我国实现水资源可持续利用的有效途径之一。
膜法处理煤矿矿井废水并回用,不但在技术上和经济上都是可行的,经济和环境效益都非常显著。
参考文献
邵刚.膜法水处理技术及工程实例【M】.北京:化学工业出版社,2002.256~280.
希利I,舒瓦乐.水的再净与利用.北京:中国建筑出板社,1985.
【3】贝拉G.利普泰克.环境工程师用册.北京:中国建筑工业出板社,1987.
【4】高从锴.膜分离技术与水资源再利用【m】.2003北京水务论坛论文.2003.9.
【5】张烽,徐平.反渗透、纳滤膜及其在废水处理中的应用【M】.膜科学与技术,2003,23:234-236.
【6】马耀光,马柏林.废水的农业资源化利用.北京:化学工业出版社,2002.45~78.
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【8】雷乐成等,污水回用新技术及工程设计.北京:化学工程出版社.2002:453~461.
【9】张葆宗.反渗透水处理应用技术【M】.北京:中国电力出版社,2004.281~295.
Ⅳ 关于珍惜水源的资料
最佳答案
最佳答案建设节约型社会”是我们珍惜、节约资源时喊的一个口号。可是,又该怎样才能真正做到节约资源呢?为什么要大力推荐节约呢?下面请听听我的心声吧!
先说水资源。我国水资源总量为2.8万亿立平方米左右,居世界第六位,人均占水量为2100多立方米,只占世界人均水平的四分之一,属于缺水国家,全国600多座城市中就有400多座缺水。特别是西部地区缺水非常严重,一些山区地方连人、畜饮水都非常困难。
我国的用水面临着严峻的问题,所以我们要珍惜水资源,节约用水。比如:用完水后,要拧紧水龙头,以免造成“一江清水向东流”的浪费现象,如果发现水龙头坏了,要及时修理,避免损失大量的水,大家也别小看废弃的电池,因为一粒纽扣电池会污染600吨的水,如果你把它扔到水里,水将无法饮用。我们应该把电池收集起来,送往回收站,这样既可以避免污染水源,又使电池得到回收,一举两得。大家不能只是口头说说而已,要行动起来呀!
不仅仅要节约用水,还要节省森林资源。我国森林资源总量不足,森林覆盖率只有18.21%,相当于世界森林平均覆盖率的61.52%;全国人均森林面积和人均森林蓄积分别不到世界人均水平的四分之一和六分之一。森林质量不高,平均每公顷蓄积量只有84.73立方米,相当于世界平均水平的84.86%。
这就是森林资源向我们发出的警报!我们要节约利用森林资源,首先,不能乱扔稿纸,也不拿没写过的纸张折飞机之类的小工艺品,更不要乱砍乱伐,任意践踏花草树木,要植树造林,爱护花草树木;不使用一次性的东西,如纸杯、木块等等。在学校,我们要建立“绿色银行”,捡起以前丢弃的纸屑、小手帕等。外出就餐时,自带勺子、筷子。同学们,我们一起行动起来,节约利用我们有限的森林资源。
我们生活中到处都离不开电。电,给我们带来各种便利,但是我们要节约用电,因为电几乎是由烧标准煤产生的,而在我国储藏的煤只够开采100年了!大家想想,100年以后,我们的子孙后代该怎么办呢?所以,我们要节约用电。首先,从自我做起,我牢记“人来灯开,人走灯灭”,盛夏时节,开空调时,不要把温度调得太低,适合就可以了。平时的照明灯,尽可能用节能灯,因为普通灯泡把大量的电能转化为了热量,只有小数转为光线,而节能灯把电能几乎转化为了光明。
Ⅳ 采矿场废水如何处理才能达标
矿山酸性废水处理方法主要有中和法、硫化发、沉淀浮选法、萃取电积法、生化法等。但是这内些方法容存在很多问题,尤其是容易产生二次污染。矿山酸性废水处理及回用过程中超低压反渗透膜的应用有效改善了前者存在的问题,在工业废水处理方面体现出了很大的优势。
采用超低压反渗透膜处理经二级处理的矿山酸性废水,超低压反渗透膜对重金属离子的截留率>99%,渗透液中的Nl2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Pb2+离子浓度均低于0.4mg/L,渗透液的总电导率<100us/cm,满足回用水的要求,浓缩液可进一步回收利用。
Ⅵ 土壤重金属污染主要是哪些重金属的污染为什么锌也算在内了呢
从目前的形势来看,我国的土壤重金属和有机物的污染情况已经非常严重,这已经受到越来越多国内外学者的关注。那么土壤重金属污染主要是哪些重金属的污染?为什么锌也算在内了呢?
锌污染是指锌及化合物所引起的环境污染。主要污染源有锌矿开采、冶炼加工、机械制造以及镀锌、仪器仪表、有机会合成和造纸等工业的排放。汽车轮胎磨损以及煤燃烧产生的粉尘、烟尘中均含有锌及化合物,工业废水中锌常以锌的羟基络合物存在。
锌在土壤中富集,必然导致在植物体内的富集,这种富集不仅对植物,而且对食用这种植物的人和动物都有危害。过量的锌会使土壤酶失去活性,细菌数目减少,土壤中的微生物作用减弱。
2015年媒体报道的渤海口癌症村——稻池村,就是因为亚洲最大的炼锌厂葫芦岛锌厂的污染造成的。
在重金属污染防治中,须源头控制——过程阻断——末端治理相结合,其中,源头控制是关键。千万要防止再走先污染后治理的经济发展之路
Ⅶ 采矿采取什么措施不会对环境造成影响
煤炭开采带来的环境污染和生态破坏问题日益突出,主要表现在:
1、地面水下跌
由于在煤炭开采过程中矿井水大量外排,导致地下水位下降,引起地面水下跌。
2、地层错动与地表下沉
由于煤矿井下水大量外抽,矿井上底承载能力下降,加上大部分小窑煤井在开采过程中,没有采取预留煤柱等预防措施,有的小窑煤井甚至对国有煤矿预留煤柱肆意采挖、破坏,导致地层错动,地表下沉。
3、地面水受到污染
矿井废水中悬浮物等污染物浓度较高,特别是流经含硫铁矿煤层的矿井水,酸性很大。据南坑镇水仔边一带矿区的矿井废水抽样检测,其悬浮物浓度平均值为280毫克/升,化学耗氧量浓度平均值为530毫克/升,硫酸根离子浓度高达2500毫克/升,最低PH值仅为2.7。这类矿井废水如不经处理就外排,将严重污染地面水体,淤塞河道和农田渠道,造成土壤板结,对农作物影响很大。
4、煤矸石占地及风化污染问题
煤矿排出的煤矸石一般都就近堆放。随着堆存量的不断增加,堆场的占地面积也逐年扩大。据统计,到2001年底,全市煤矸石的累计堆存量已达7500万吨,占用土地3000多亩,而且目前仍以每年新增80余万吨堆存量的速度在递增。煤矸石经风化、雨蚀、自燃后,其表面的风化层物质在风力作用下进人大气,严重污染大气环境。下雨天,在雨水的冲刷下,会携带其表层的小颗粒物质流入河道,同时还会将煤矸石伴生的硫铁矿中的硫离子和亚铁离子等浸取出来,污染水体环境。
5、对森林植被的破坏
煤炭开采需要大量木材,按万吨煤炭产量平均消耗坑木150立方米计算。全市仅煤炭开采业一年就需消耗木材约10万立方米,如此大的木材缺口迫使煤矿多渠道收购木材,客观上助长了乱砍滥伐,使育伐比例失调。同时,由于地下水位下降,地表含水层含水量减少,也使植被生长受到影响。
6、二次扬尘污染问题
煤炭有相当一部分靠汽车运输,撒漏现象非常严重,大量煤炭流失,使街道煤尘飞扬。
为有效防治煤炭开采过程中产生的环境污染和生态破坏,使煤矿矿区的生态环境逐步步入良性循环的发展轨道,提出以下对策建议:
一、加强矿井废水和区域环境综合治理
(一)对现有废水治理设施进行改造。对已老化、坏损的废水治理设施、设备进行修复、改造,确保矿井废水长期、稳定达标排放。
(二)对部分废弃矿井外排的废水进行治理。部分煤矿虽然停止了采煤,但仍有矿井废水(俗称老窿水)外排。主要是部分煤矿的采煤巷道间接相通,矿井废水全部从标高最低的井口外排,并将原有老巷道岩石断层和风化层中硫铁矿中的铁离子等浸取出来,导致废水中铁离子和硫酸根离子的浓度很高,严重污染水体环境。所以,对部分废弃矿井外排的废水必须进行治理,修建沉淀池,井投加石灰等药剂,经中和、反应、沉淀处理后,再达标外排。
(三)对部分环境污染和生态破坏严重的区域进行综合治理。一是对淤塞的河道进行清淤疏浚、护岸;二是做好水保工程,一般应在矿区地面径流汇入点建设污水沉淀处理池等。
二、搞好煤矸石的综合利用
目前,我市综合利用煤矸石的主要途径是发电和制砖,年利用量约65万吨,但与目前的堆存量相比,可以说利用量很小,且利用途径单一。必须努力探索综合利用煤矸石的新途径,以实现在尽可能短的时限内“消灭”煤矸石山。可采取的措施是:
(一)提高煤矸石发电的综合利用量
煤矸石发电以循环流化床锅炉为主要炉型,加入石灰石或白云石等脱硫剂,可降低烟气中硫氧化物和氮氧化物的产生量。其常用燃料热值应在12550千焦/千克以下,产生的热量既可以发电,也可以用作采暖供热,燃烧后的灰渣具有较高的活性,是生产建材的良好原料。这部分煤矸石以选煤厂排出的洗矸为主。目前,我市仅有高坑、安源和王坑三个煤矸石发电厂,总装机容量为4.8万千瓦时,年综合利用煤矸石约50万吨。可在巩固、提高现有煤矸石发电综合利用量的基础上,对上述三个电厂进行扩容改造,提高煤矸石发电综合利用量。
(二)利用煤矸石代替粘土制砖
利用煤矸石全部代替粘土,既可以降低能耗,又能减少生态破坏,这是大宗利用煤矸石的主要途径。可利用现有国家政策,采取控制、取缔粘土制砖,鼓励综合利用煤矸石制砖的方式进行,可将现有煤矸石制砖能力从现在的利用煤矸石16万吨提高到奶万吨。
(三)利用煤矸石回填处置
1、煤矸石回填采矿区
利用煤矸石回填采矿区,既可减少煤矸石占地,又可减少煤矸石对环境的污染。一般用于回填的煤矸石以砂岩、石灰岩为主。
2、煤矸石作工程填筑材料
煤矸石作填筑材料主要是指充填沟谷、采煤塌陷区等区的建筑工程用地,或用于填筑铁路、公路路基等。
三、做好矿区植被恢复和矸石堆场的覆土植被工作
(一)实施封山育林,采取植草、人工造林和疏林补方式,提高地表涵养水源、保持水土的能力。
(二)对短期内暂无法消化的煤矸石,制定切实可行被保护规划、方案和措施。宜林则林,宜草则草,努好煤矸石堆场的覆土植被保护工作。
Ⅷ 污水中含有什么重金属离子主要是生活污水
有毒污染物主要有以下几类:
重金属:如汞、镉、铬、铅、钒、钴、钡等,其中汞、镉、铅危害较大;砷、硒和铍的毒性也较大。重金属在自然界中一般不易消失,它们能通过食物链而被富集;这类物质除直接作用于人体引起疾病外,某些金属还可能促进慢性病的发展。
人类生产活动造成的水体污染中,工业引起的水体污染最严重。如工业废水,它含污染物多,成分复杂,不仅在水中不易净化,而且处理也比较困难。
工业废水,是工业污染引起水体污染的最重要的原因。它占工业排出的污染物的大部分。工业废水所含的污染物因工厂种类不同而千差万别,即使是同类工厂,生产过程不同,其所含污染物的质和量也不一样。工业除了排出的废水直接注入水体引起污染外,固体废物和废气也会污染水体。
(8)采矿废水扩展阅读
污水分类:
第一类:工业废水来自制造采矿和工业生产活动的污水,包括来自与工业或者商业储藏、加工的径流活渗沥液,以及其它不是生活污水的废水。
第二类:生活污水来自住宅、写字楼、机关或相类似的污水;卫生污水;下水道污水,包括下水道系统中生活污水中混合的工业废水。
第三类:商业污水 来自商业设施而且某些成分超过生活污水的无毒、无害的污水[2]。如餐饮污水。洗衣房污水、动物饲养污水,发廊产生的污水等。
第四类:表面径流来自雨水、雪水、高速公路下水,来自城市和工业地区的水等等,表面径流没有渗进土壤,沿街道和陆地进入地下水。