高吸水性树脂论文

㈠ 高吸水性树脂的发展历史

1950年微架桥聚合丙烯酸(增粘剂)的工业化（Goodrich 公司；USA）
1960年亲水性高分子上市，架桥聚氧化乙烯（土壤保水剂），架桥聚乙烯醇（人工水晶体）
增粘剂
1974美国农业部发表了吸水性树脂的研究成果.
1978年世界上最早的吸水性树脂的商业化生产开始 (三洋化成)
吸水性树脂
1982年用于纸尿裤的需求增大。高分子凝胶的相转移理论的发表（田中豊一）
90年代高分子学会开始成立「高分子凝胶研究会」（对于机能性凝胶的研究发表日趋活跃）
机能性凝胶
它能够吸收自身重量几百倍至千倍的水分，无毒、无害、无污染；吸水能力特强，保水能力特高，通过丙烯酸聚合得到的高分子量聚合物→高保水量，高负荷下吸收量的平衡，所吸水分不能被简单的物理方法挤出，并且可反复释水、吸水。应用于农林业方面，可在植物根部形成“微型水库”。高吸水性树脂除了吸水，还能吸收肥料、农药，并缓慢的释放出来以增加肥效和药效。高吸水性树脂以其优越的性能，广泛用于农林业生产、城市园林绿化、抗旱保水、防沙治沙，并发挥巨大的作用。此外，高吸水性树脂还可应用于医疗卫生、石油开采、建筑材料、交通运输等许多领域。
现有的高吸水性树脂的厂家有：三大雅精细化学品有限公司、日本触媒、得米化工、住友精化、巴斯夫、台塑这几大公司占了全球产量的99%，其中三大雅占55%。

㈡ 高吸水性树脂为什么能大量吸水并保水

高吸来水性树脂为什么能大量吸水并自保水
相似相溶原理.简单来说,亲水基团是极性的,会溶于极性溶剂水；亲油基团是非极性的,溶于非极性的油.
水分子间有较强的氢键,水分子既可以为生成氢键提供氢原子,又因其中氧原子上有孤对电子能接受其它分子提供的氢原子,氢键是水分子间的主要结合力.所以,凡能为生成氢键提供氢或接受氢的溶质分子,均和水“结构相似”.如ROH(醇)、RCOOH(羧酸)、R2C=O(酮)、RCONH2(酰胺)等.当然上述物质中R基团的结构与大小对在水中溶解度也有影响.如醇：R—OH,随R基团的增大,分子中非极性的部分增大,这样与水(极性分子)结构差异增大,所以在水中的溶解度也逐渐下降.
亲油往往是长链的有机基团.疏水效应起源于热容变化和熵,疏水分子表面使水变得更“像冰”,因为空穴的形成迫使水的接触.所以疏水分子簇集造成表面积减小,释放出了一些水分子,带来了有利的熵,降低了体系能量.热容变化也是一个有利因素.还有一点,水和水有强烈的作用,有机物破坏了这一作用,就迫使水更强烈的和水作用,有机物更强烈的和有机物作用.

㈢ 高吸水性树脂的应用前景和发展趋势

前景很不错的

㈣ 求一篇关于高吸水性树脂的英文文献

关键词是抄：
Super
absorbent
resin
of
starch
grafted
acrylic
acid
在Google
Scholar查文献就可以袭找到，很多是要注册交钱的。
有一篇是可以直接下载的，但由于文件大小限制无法上传到这里，你自己看是否是你想要的：
http://www.thaiscience.info/Article%20for%20ThaiScience/Article/2/Ts-2%20graft%20copolymerization,%20characterization,%20and%20degradation%20of%20cassava%20starch-g-acrylamide-itaconic%20acid%20superabsorbents.pdf

㈤ 什么是高吸水性树脂

世界上吸水本领最大的要数海绵。但现在人们已合成出一种吸水性胜过海绵的版高分子材权料，称为高吸水性树脂，其吸水量可达自身重量的500—3000倍。

这是一种神奇的白色粉末，每颗高分子树脂微粒，就像一个小小的蓄水池。把它们撒到干旱少雨的沙漠地，能在夜间汲取从地下渗上来的水分。如果预先拌好肥料和水，就能在沙漠地区栽培农作物。用它做尿布，吸水好，又卫生。用来做卫生棉、清洁餐巾，更受人们欢迎。这种高吸水性树脂没有毒性，它和药物、化妆品混在一起，药物会缓慢地释放出来，延长药效。用它做成水果的包装袋，新鲜水果就能长久保鲜。

高吸水性树脂的吸水本领，在于聚合物中有许多能吸引住水的“基团”，它像一双双能拉住水分子的“手”一样。当整个大分子上的“手”拉住了许许多多的水分子后，一颗白色的粉末，变成了一个“吃饱”水的小水球。

这种神奇的粉末，有的是用淀粉、纤维素天然高分子为骨架，通过接枝共聚的方法制造的；有的是用化学合成方法制造的；还有的是用腈纶废丝综合利用得到的。

㈥ 那里有关于高吸水性树脂的英文文献~~~谢谢

Superabsorbent polymer (SAP) of poly(sodium acrylate) was prepared by reverse phase suspension polymerization.The influences of suspension agent and agitation speed on reverse phase suspension polymerization system and the influences of the degree of neutralization of acrylic acid,inhibitor and crosslinker on the absorption capacity of the polymer were studied.A stable reverse phase suspension polymerization system with spherical particles was achieved by using polyglycerol monostearates as suspension agent at the agitation speed of 300~450 r/min.When polyethylene glycol diglycidic ester(400) was used as crosslinker,the mass fraction of dissoluble polymers in the SAP was less than 4wt%,and when the degree of acrylic neutralization was 80%,the deionizing water absorption and normal saline absorption were the maximum,being of 683 g/g and 68 g/g respectivly.The p-hydroxyanisole inhibitor in acrylic acid had no influence on the property of SAP.

Super Absorbent Polymers (SAP) are very unique water-absorbing and water-holding materials. They can absorb up to 1000 times of their own weight of pure water and even under pressure resist release of the absorbed water.

They are solid, granular or powder cross linked polymers that rapidly absorb and retain large volumes of aqueous solutions. The absorptive properties of SAP are ideally suited for the absorption and solidification of various types of liquids like water, sludge, blood etc.

History of SAP
Superabsorbent polymers were first introced by Union Carbide in the mid 60's. They were first developed in the 70's to grow plants in the desert. However, they were used very little by commercial growers e to their relatively high cost in comparison to their swell capacity. In the early 80's, superabsorbents began to be widely developed for the baby diaper market (hundred of millions of pounds). This led to newer, higher swell polymers, some with long lasting life that were suitable for agriculture and water treatment management. Nowadays SAP has lots of applications in different instries form baby diaper to fire fighter and craft instries.

Science Behind SAP
The driving forces behind a superabsorbent polymer's water absorbency are osmotic pressure and hydrogen bonding. The difference in the sodium ion concentration between the inside of the polymer and the solution in which it is immersed causes the water to flow in rapidly, trying to balance the number of ions inside and outside the polymer. Also, the polymer chains are lined with carboxyl groups (-COOH) with about 50 to 70% of these in the sodium salt form. In contact with water, the carboxyl groups dissociate into negatively charged carboxylate ions (-COO-). These form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

Figure 1

In addition, these carboxylate sites repel each other, which widens the polymer network, thus allowing more water to be absorbed. However, the crosslinked polymer molecules can only stretch so far. Therefore, the amount of water absorbed is in part determined by the balance between widening of the polymer network as hydrogen bonds form and "elastic pressure" of the crosslinked molecules.

The electrolyte concentration in the water being absorbed greatly affects the amount of fluid that can be absorbed by the polymer. The ions of the electrolyte act as "contaminator" ions and become positioned along the polymer chain at the carboxylate sites. The electrolyte ions partially neutralize these sites and limit the potential sites for hydrogen bond formation between the polymer and water molecules. In addition, there will be less repulsion between the crosslinked chains of the polymer, thus enabling less water to be absorbed. Also, the presence of these ions decreases the unbalance which "drives" osmotic pressure.
A typical superabsorbent polymer may absorb about 400 times its own mass of distilled water while absorbing almost 300 times its mass of tap water. The same polymer may absorb only 30 to 40 times its mass of 1% sodium chloride solution.

Types of SAP
There are two general types of SAP, the acrylate and acrylamide .The cross linked acrylate SAP is a non toxic polymer which can be proced in sodium or potassium acrylate bases .The cross linked acrylamide SAP is a synthetic potassium-based, neurotoxin, long-chain polymer designed to attract either positively charged particles (organic materials, such as carbon or human waste) or negatively charged particles (inert materials, such as sand or clay).

Polyacrylamide was developed in the 60’ to grow plants in the desert and has been refined to last longer and absorb water at higher rates. Many people believe polyacrylamide is the active material in baby diapers, but that polymer is polyacrylate, which is a close cousin in the polymer family. Polyacrylate is capable of absorbing greater amounts of liquid than polyacrylamide, but rapidly breaks down.